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Explain about Oligomenorrhea .... ? " munipalli akshay paul "

Oligomenorrhea is a medical term used to describe infrequent or irregular menstrual periods. It refers specifically to menstrual cycles that occur more than 35 days apart but less than 6 months apart. It is considered a form of abnormal uterine bleeding and can be a symptom of various hormonal or systemic conditions.

Definition

  • Normal menstrual cycle: 21 to 35 days

  • Oligomenorrhea: Menstrual cycles longer than 35 days apart (fewer than 9 periods per year)

Common Causes

Hormonal Causes:

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – most common cause

  • Thyroid dysfunction (hypo- or hyperthyroidism)

  • Hyperprolactinemia – elevated prolactin levels

  • Perimenopause – hormonal fluctuations before menopause

  • Premature ovarian insufficiency – early loss of ovarian function

Lifestyle/Other Causes:

  • Excessive exercise (e.g., in athletes)

  • Eating disorders or extreme weight loss

  • Chronic stress

  • Certain medications (e.g., hormonal contraceptives, antipsychotics)

Symptoms (besides infrequent periods)

  • Acne or excess facial/body hair (if related to PCOS or androgen excess)

  • Weight changes

  • Fatigue

  • Mood changes

  • Breast discharge (in prolactin-related cases)

  • Difficulty getting pregnant (due to infrequent ovulation)

Diagnosis

  • Detailed menstrual history

  • Blood tests: Hormone levels (FSH, LH, estrogen, testosterone, TSH, prolactin)

  • Pelvic ultrasound: To check for PCOS or structural abnormalities

  • BMI and lifestyle assessment

Treatment

Depends on the underlying cause and whether fertility is a concern:

Lifestyle modifications:

  • Weight gain (if underweight)

  • Weight loss and exercise (if PCOS or overweight)

  • Stress reduction

Medications:

  • Hormonal contraceptives: To regulate cycles

  • Metformin: For insulin resistance in PCOS

  • Thyroid or prolactin medications: If those hormones are imbalanced

Fertility treatment (if desired):

  • Ovulation induction with medications like clomiphene or letrozole

Why It Matters

Irregular periods can indicate underlying health issues and may increase the risk of:

  • Infertility

  • Endometrial hyperplasia or cancer (due to unopposed estrogen)

  • Metabolic disorders (in PCOS).


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